What is Mastectomy? How is Mastectomy Surgery Performed?
A mastectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all breast tissue from a breast. It is most commonly performed to treat breast cancer, but it can also be done to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a high genetic risk.
What is Mastectomy?
For the answer to the question of what is masectomy, the root causes of the disease should be given well. Mastectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of all or part of the breast to treat or reduce the risk of breast cancer. This operation may be performed to prevent the spread of cancer, to treat it, or for preventive purposes in patients with a genetic predisposition to breast cancer. Mastectomy can be performed using different techniques depending on the patient’s health condition, the stage of cancer, and personal preferences.
Why Might I Need a Mastectomy?
A mastectomy may be recommended if you have been diagnosed with breast cancer, particularly if the cancer is large, aggressive, or has spread, making it difficult to remove through other treatments like a lumpectomy. It may also be considered for individuals with a high genetic risk of breast cancer, such as those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, to reduce the risk of developing cancer. In some cases, a mastectomy may be done if previous treatments haven’t been successful or if there’s a strong personal preference for removing the breast tissue to prevent further cancer risk.
Types of Mastectomy Procedures
Mastectomy procedures include simple or total mastectomy (removal of the entire breast), modified radical mastectomy (removal of the breast and some lymph nodes), skin-sparing mastectomy (preservation of most of the skin), nipple-sparing mastectomy (preservation of the nipple and areola), and double mastectomy (removal of both breasts). Double mastectomy recovery time varies greatly depending on several factors, including:
Simple or Total Mastectomy
This procedure involves the removal of the entire breast, including the breast tissue, but not the lymph nodes or muscles underneath the breast. It may be recommended if the cancer is confined to the breast or as a preventive measure for high-risk individuals.
Modified Radical Mastectomy
Mastectomy surgery, the entire breast is removed, along with some of the lymph nodes under the arm. The chest muscles are left intact. It’s often performed when breast cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, but not the muscles beneath the breast. Mastectomy scars are a natural consequence of the surgery.
Radical Mastectomy
Radical mastectomy is a surgical method used in advanced stages of breast cancer or when the tumor has spread to surrounding tissues. During this procedure, the entire breast, the underlying chest muscles (pectoral muscles), and the axillary lymph nodes are removed. This type of mastectomy is less commonly performed today and is typically reserved for advanced cases that do not respond to other treatment options. Since radical mastectomy involves extensive surgery, it requires a longer recovery period and may lead to complications such as limited arm mobility.
Partial Mastectomy (Segmental Mastectomy)
Partial mastectomy involves the removal of only the cancerous portion of the breast and a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This method is typically used in early-stage breast cancer or as part of breast-conserving treatment plans. After the cancer is removed, radiotherapy is often administered. Partial mastectomy is commonly preferred by patients because it largely preserves the aesthetic appearance of the breast. However, depending on the amount of tissue removed, there may be shape irregularities that could require aesthetic corrections.
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy
This technique removes the breast tissue while preserving most of the skin over the breast. It is often chosen for women who plan to have breast reconstruction immediately afterward, as it helps to maintain the natural shape and appearance of the breast.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
In this procedure, the entire breast tissue is removed, but the nipple and areola are left intact. This is generally an option for women with early-stage breast cancer or those undergoing preventive surgery who are good candidates for preserving the nipple.
Double Mastectomy
What is a double mastectomy? It is a surgery in which both breasts are removed, typically due to cancer in both breasts or to reduce the risk of cancer in high-risk patients. A bilateral mastectomy involves the removal of both breasts, and it may be performed if cancer is present in both breasts, if there’s a strong family history of breast cancer, or if someone carries genetic mutations (like BRCA1 or BRCA2) that significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
Other Types of Mastectomy
- Modified Radical Mastectomy: This method involves removing the entire breast tissue and the axillary lymph nodes while preserving the chest muscles. Modified radical mastectomy has fewer complications compared to radical mastectomy and is more frequently performed as it combines lymph node removal with a less invasive approach.
- Total (Simple) Mastectomy: In this method, the entire breast tissue is removed, but the lymph nodes and chest muscles are not. Total mastectomy is typically used for preventive purposes or in cases of non-invasive breast cancer. It can also be performed prophylactic mastectomy in individuals with a genetic predisposition to breast cancer.
- Subcutaneous Mastectomy (Skin-Sparing Mastectomy): In subcutaneous mastectomy, all breast tissue is removed while preserving the skin of the breast. This approach is often chosen by patients with aesthetic concerns, and reconstructive surgery can be performed afterward to reshape the breast.Each type of mastectomy is selected based on the patient’s condition and treatment plan and is combined with an appropriate therapeutic approach. This process is evaluated by a multidisciplinary team to ensure the best outcomes for both treatment and quality of life.
What Happens During a Mastectomy?
Mastectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the breast. This procedure is typically performed to treat breast cancer or as a preventive measure for individuals at high risk of developing the disease. The type of mastectomy performed depends on the patient’s overall health, the stage and size of the tumor, its location in the breast tissue, and the preferred treatment approach. This surgical procedure plays a vital role in extending life expectancy and preventing the spread of cancer.
Mastectomy is often the treatment of choice for certain breast cancer types, such as Paget's disease. Paget's breast cancer is a rare type that affects the nipple and the surrounding areola. Symptoms may include redness, crusting, and itching of the nipple. This disease is often associated with underlying breast cancer, making mastectomy the most effective method for completely removing the disease.
How Do I Prepare for a Mastectomy?
Preparing for a mastectomy involves several steps: consulting with your surgeon to discuss the procedure, undergoing medical tests, making lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, and seeking emotional support. You'll also receive instructions on fasting before surgery and managing pain afterward.
Mastectomy can be performed using different techniques depending on the stage of cancer. Total (simple) mastectomy involves removing the entire breast, without removing the lymph nodes. Modified radical mastectomy, on the other hand, involves removing the entire breast along with axillary lymph nodes to assess and control the potential spread of cancer through the lymphatic system. Skin-sparing mastectomy, which preserves the breast skin, is often combined with reconstructive surgery and is commonly chosen by patients with aesthetic concerns.
What Happens After a Mastectomy?
Mastectomy is not only a physical treatment but also a process that affects the patient’s psychological and social well-being. Therefore, post-operative psychological support is crucial, in addition to physical recovery. Mastectomy reconstruction, a surgical procedure aimed at restoring the breast's appearance, is often performed to support both aesthetic and psychological recovery, with plastic surgeons being part of the treatment team.
In the Hospital
After a mastectomy, you will be monitored closely in the hospital for any complications such as bleeding, infection, or issues related to anesthesia. The hospital stay typically lasts one to two days, depending on the type of surgery and your overall recovery. Pain management is a priority, and you will be given medications to manage discomfort. Nurses will also assist with wound care and help you move around, encouraging early mobility to prevent blood clots and promote healing. If lymph nodes were removed, you may be monitored for any signs of swelling or complications.
At Home
Once you return home, recovery continues with specific care instructions. You’ll need to care for your incision site to avoid infection and may be prescribed pain relievers to manage discomfort. It's important to follow guidelines on physical activity, such as avoiding lifting heavy objects and resting as needed to support healing. You may also be advised to perform gentle exercises to regain mobility, particularly if you had lymph node removal. Emotional support is important as well, and some patients seek counseling or join support groups to navigate the psychological aspects of recovery. Follow-up appointments with your surgeon or oncologist will ensure you're healing properly and allow them to monitor for any signs of recurrence.
Risks and Possible Complications of a Mastectomy
While a mastectomy is a common procedure with a generally good prognosis, there are potential risks and complications to consider.
- Bleeding: As with any surgery, there is a risk of bleeding.
- Infection: Infections can occur at the surgical site.
- Seroma: Fluid may accumulate under the skin (seroma), which may require drainage.
- Nerve damage: Damage to nerves can cause numbness or tingling in the chest, armpit, or arm.
- Lymphedema: If lymph nodes are removed, there's a risk of lymphedema, a condition where fluid builds up in the arm or hand, causing swelling.
- Heart problems: In rare cases, complications can affect the heart or lungs.
Arm Care After Lymph Node Removal
If lymph nodes are removed during a mastectomy, it's crucial to take extra care with arm movement to reduce the risk of lymphedema.
- Avoid tight clothing or jewelry on the affected arm.
- Protect the arm from injury: Avoid cuts, burns, or insect bites.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Excess weight can increase the risk of lymphedema.
- Regularly check your arm for swelling, redness, or warmth.
- Consult a lymphedema therapist for personalized guidance.
Cosmetic Concerns After Mastectomy
After a mastectomy, many women have concerns about the cosmetic changes to their body, particularly the loss of a breast. The appearance of the chest may change significantly, and for some, this can affect their sense of femininity and self-esteem. While some women choose breast reconstruction, others may opt for prostheses or simply live without reconstruction. It's important to discuss any concerns with your surgeon, as there are options available to address cosmetic changes. For some, wearing a prosthetic breast or undergoing tattooing for nipple reconstruction can help regain confidence. Emotional support through counseling or support groups can also be beneficial as you adjust to these changes.
Breast Reconstruction Surgery After Mastectomy
Breast reconstruction is an option for women who wish to restore the appearance of their breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Breast implants after mastectomy, used to restore the shape and volume of the breast.
Options include:
- Immediate reconstruction: Performed at the same time as the mastectomy.
- Delayed reconstruction: Performed months or years after the mastectomy.
- Reconstructive techniques: Using implants, tissue from other parts of the body (such as the abdomen or back), or a combination of both.
Choosing Not to Have Reconstruction
Many women choose not to have breast reconstruction. This is a personal decision, and there are many valid reasons for this choice, including:
- Personal preference: Some women simply prefer the natural look after a mastectomy.
- Health concerns: Reconstruction may not be suitable for all women, especially those with certain health conditions.
- Emotional factors: The decision to have reconstruction can be emotionally complex.
Recovering From a Mastectomy
Recovery from a mastectomy takes time and varies from person to person. General mastectomy recovery tips include:
- Resting: Get plenty of rest and avoid strenuous activity.
- Pain management: Use pain medication as prescribed by your doctor.
- Following post-operative instructions: Adhere to your doctor's recommendations for wound care, activity restrictions, and follow-up appointments.
- Seeking emotional support: Connect with other women who have undergone mastectomies through support groups or counseling.
Further Treatment After Mastectomy
After a mastectomy, additional treatments may be recommended depending on the type and stage of cancer. These treatments help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and address any remaining cancer cells that might have spread.
Radiation Therapy
If there is a risk of cancer cells remaining in the chest area, radiation therapy may be used after a mastectomy. This treatment involves using high-energy rays to target and destroy any cancer cells that were not removed during surgery. Radiation can be particularly important if cancer was found in the lymph nodes or if the tumor was large. Side effects of radiation therapy can include skin irritation, fatigue, and issues with the heart or lungs, depending on the area being treated.
Chemotherapy
For cancers that have spread or are considered high risk for recurrence, chemotherapy may be used after a mastectomy. Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. It is typically administered intravenously or orally and can have side effects such as nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and weakened immunity. Chemotherapy may be recommended if the cancer is aggressive or has spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
Hormonal Therapy
If your breast cancer is hormone receptor-positive, hormonal therapy may be recommended after surgery. This treatment works by blocking the hormones that fuel the growth of certain types of breast cancer, such as estrogen or progesterone. Medications like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors are used to lower the levels of these hormones or block their effects. Hormonal therapy can reduce the risk of recurrence, but side effects may include hot flashes, joint pain, and a slightly increased risk of other health issues like blood clots or bone thinning.
Why Choose Liv Hospital for Mastectomy Treatment
Liv Hospital stands out as an exceptional choice for mastectomy treatment due to its commitment to providing comprehensive and personalized care. The hospital features a multidisciplinary team of experienced oncologists, surgeons, and support staff who work together to create individualized treatment plans based on the patient’s specific needs. Liv Hospital is equipped with state-of-the-art technology and advanced surgical techniques, ensuring high success rates and minimizing complications.
Additionally, the hospital offers a holistic approach to care, addressing both physical and emotional aspects of recovery. Patients also benefit from post-surgical rehabilitation, counseling services, and access to a range of options for breast reconstruction. With its focus on patient safety, comfort, and satisfaction, Liv Hospital provides a supportive environment for patients throughout their treatment journey.
Medical Tourism in Türkiye for Mastectomy Patients
Turkey has become a popular destination for medical tourism, especially for patients seeking high-quality mastectomy procedures and treatments. Hospitals like Liv Hospital offer world-class facilities, cutting-edge technologies, and highly skilled surgeons at competitive prices compared to many other countries. Many international patients choose Turkey for its combination of advanced medical care and affordable treatment costs. Additionally, Turkey’s rich history of healthcare tourism ensures that patients can access both top-tier medical treatments and comfortable recovery environments.
For those seeking mastectomy procedures, medical tourism in Turkey also provides the opportunity to benefit from comprehensive care, including breast reconstruction and post-operative support, all in a seamless and patient-friendly experience. Liv Hospital and other reputable institutions in Turkey offer expert consultation, treatment, and personalized care for international patients, often including services like travel assistance and accommodations, to make the process as smooth as possible.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What stage of breast cancer requires a mastectomy?
A mastectomy is typically recommended for stages 2, 3, or 4 of breast cancer, particularly if the cancer is large, aggressive, or has spread to the lymph nodes.
How long does a mastectomy take?
A mastectomy generally takes about 1 to 3 hours, depending on the complexity of the surgery and whether lymph nodes or other tissues are removed.
What are the benefits of a mastectomy?
The primary benefit of a mastectomy is the removal of cancerous tissue, reducing the risk of recurrence and providing peace of mind for many patients.
What are the risks or complications of a mastectomy?
Risks include infection, bleeding, blood clots, lymphedema, delayed wound healing, changes in sensation, and possible recurrence of cancer.
What is the recovery time after a mastectomy?
Recovery time varies, but most patients take about 4 to 6 weeks to recover from the surgery, with full recovery taking several months.
Can breast reconstruction be done immediately after a mastectomy?
Yes, breast reconstruction can be done at the same time as the mastectomy, depending on the patient’s health and personal choice.
How do I choose between a mastectomy and a lumpectomy?
The most curious thing about lumpectomy vs mastectomy is the difference between the two surgeries. The choice depends on the cancer's size, location, and stage. A lumpectomy may be an option for smaller, localized tumors, while a mastectomy is often recommended for larger or more aggressive cancers. Your surgeon will help guide the decision based on your specific case.
* Contents of this page is for informational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. The content of this page does not include information on medicinal health care at Liv Hospital .
