Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Care in Türkiye
Lung cancer develops due to the uncontrolled and abnormal growth and division of cells in the lungs. In its early stages, this cancer often presents no symptoms, but as it progresses, symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss, and fatigue may occur. Small cell lung cancer, in particular, is known for its rapid growth and tendency to spread early.
Lung Cancer
To understand the challenges it poses, it's important to know what is lung cancer: the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. Lung cancer is a serious disease that starts in the lungs and is often linked to smoking, though it can also affect non-smokers. The two main types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is more common and grows slowly, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is less common but more aggressive. Symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss. Early detection is challenging as symptoms often don't appear until the cancer has advanced. Treatment options depend on the stage and type of cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
In the early stages, lung cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, but some individuals might experience mild signs that are easy to overlook or mistaken for other conditions. Unfortunately, there are often no early signs of lung cancer, which makes early detection challenging. Common early-stage lung cancer symptoms include:
- Persistent cough that doesn't go away or worsens
- Mild chest pain or discomfort, often during coughing or deep breaths
- Shortness of breath during physical activity or even at rest
- Fatigue or feeling unusually tired
- Wheezing or a raspy voice
- Hoarseness
- Unexplained weight loss (though often more noticeable in later stages)
- Coughing up small amounts of blood or blood-streaked sputum (in some cases)
Recognizing the signs of lung cancer, such as a persistent cough or unexplained weight loss, is crucial for early detection and treatment. If you experience any concerning symptoms of lung cancer, like a persistent cough or chest pain, it's important to consult a doctor.
Advanced-Stage Symptoms of Lung Cancer
As lung cancer progresses and spreads, symptoms tend to become more severe and noticeable. Advanced-stage symptoms can include:
- Severe chest pain that may be constant or worsen with breathing or coughing
- Increased coughing or coughing up larger amounts of blood
- Shortness of breath that worsens over time, even when at rest
- Facial swelling (due to a tumor obstructing blood flow, often linked to superior vena cava syndrome)
- Shoulder or upper back pain, which may result from tumors pressing on nerves or other structures
- Loss of appetite and significant unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and weakness, significantly affecting daily activities
- Difficulty swallowing (if a tumor grows in or near the esophagus)
- Swelling in the neck or face, which may occur as the cancer spreads
- Frequent respiratory infections like pneumonia or bronchitis
These symptoms tend to appear when cancer has spread to other organs or structures, making treatment more complex. Immediate medical evaluation is crucial for anyone experiencing these advanced symptoms.
Stages Of Lung Cancer
Knowing the lung cancer stages is important for determining the best course of treatment and understanding the prognosis. Lung cancer is classified into stages based on how far the cancer has spread. This helps doctors determine the best treatment options and estimate a person's prognosis.
- Stage 0: Cancer cells are confined to the upper layer of the lung or bronchus without spreading to other parts of the lungs or beyond.
- Stage I: Cancer cells remain localized within the lungs without spreading to nearby lymph nodes. Stage 1 lung cancer symptoms at this early stage may include a persistent cough, sputum production, mild shortness of breath, chest pain, bloody sputum, weight loss, and fatigue.
- Stage II: The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes within the lung or there are multiple tumors within the same lobe of the lung.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other structures within the chest, or there are multiple tumors in different lobes of the same lung. Symptoms typically include severe shortness of breath, intense pain, frequent lung infections, weakness, and weight loss, though they can vary.
- Stage IV: Symptoms of stage 4 lung cancer may include severe shortness of breath, intense pain, frequent pneumonia or lung infections, weakness, and weight loss, often due to metastases spreading to both lungs, the pleura (fluid around the lungs), pericardium (fluid around the heart), or distant organs. Understanding the stage 4 lung cancer survival rate by age can be informative, but it's crucial to remember that these are just statistics and individual prognosis vary significantly.
There are two main types of lung cancer, each with its own staging system:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It is staged using the TNM system, which considers the size of the tumor (T), whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes (N), and whether it has spread to distant parts of the body (M). The stages of NSCLC range from I to IV, with stage IV being the most advanced.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
SCLC is a less common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 15% of all cases. It is a fast-growing cancer that is often more aggressive than NSCLC. SCLC is staged as either limited or extensive:
- Limited stage: The cancer is confined to one lung and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
- Extensive stage: The cancer has spread beyond one lung, including to the other lung, lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or distant organs.
Metastatic lung cancer
Metastatic lung cancer is lung cancer that has spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This can happen at any stage of lung cancer, but it is more common in advanced stages. The most common sites of metastasis for lung cancer include the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.
The symptoms of metastatic lung cancer can vary depending on where the cancer has spread. For example, if the cancer has spread to the brain, it can cause headaches, seizures, or weakness. If it has spread to the bones, it can cause pain or fractures.
Treatment for metastatic lung cancer depends on the type of lung cancer, the extent of the spread, and the person's overall health. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or surgery.
Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
Diagnosing lung cancer involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, imaging tests, biopsies, and molecular testing. The goal is to accurately determine the presence of cancer, its type, stage, and genetic characteristics, which can guide treatment decisions.
Imaging Tests
Imaging tests are often the first step in diagnosing lung cancer. Common methods include:
- Chest X-ray: A common initial imaging technique to detect abnormalities in the lungs.
- CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the lungs and surrounding areas, helping to identify tumors, assess their size, and check for signs of metastasis.
- PET Scan: A specialized scan to evaluate whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
- MRI: Often used to assess if the cancer has spread to the brain or spine.
Biopsy Methods
Once lung cancer is suspected, a biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis and determine the cancer type. Several biopsy techniques can be used:
- Bronchoscopy: A thin, flexible tube is inserted through the mouth or nose into the lungs to collect tissue samples from the tumor.
- Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS): This procedure combines bronchoscopy with ultrasound to visualize tumors and take samples from lymph nodes or other areas within the chest.
- Needle Biopsy: A fine needle is inserted through the chest wall to remove tissue from the lung or lymph nodes.
- Mediastinoscopy: A surgical procedure where a small incision is made at the base of the neck to collect tissue samples from lymph nodes near the lungs.
- Pleural Biopsy: If fluid accumulation is detected around the lungs (pleural effusion), a sample of the fluid may be taken for testing.
Molecular Testing
In addition to diagnosing lung cancer, molecular tests help identify genetic mutations in the tumor, which can influence treatment decisions. Some of the key mutations and biomarkers that may be tested for include:
- KRAS: A mutation commonly found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in smokers. Targeted therapies for KRAS are still under development.
- EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): Mutations in EGFR are common in NSCLC, particularly in non-smokers. EGFR inhibitors are used for treatment.
- ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase): Rearrangements of the ALK gene can occur in lung cancer, particularly in younger, non-smoking patients. ALK inhibitors are used to target these mutations.
- ROS1: Like ALK, ROS1 gene rearrangements are found in some lung cancers, particularly in non-smokers, and can be targeted with specific therapies.
- BRAF: BRAF mutations can be found in a small subset of lung cancer patients, and targeted therapy with BRAF inhibitors may be effective.
- RET: RET gene fusions are found in a small number of lung cancer cases and can be treated with targeted therapy.
- MET: MET amplifications or mutations are found in some patients with advanced NSCLC. MET inhibitors are available for treatment.
- HER2: Similar to its role in breast cancer, HER2 mutations may be present in some lung cancers and can be targeted with specific therapies.
- NTRK (Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinases): Fusions involving NTRK genes are rare but can be targeted with therapies designed to block this pathway.
These molecular tests can be performed on tumor samples obtained from biopsies, helping to identify specific mutations and guide personalized treatment options, such as targeted therapies or lung cancer immunotherapy.
Blood Tests
Blood tests are used to support the diagnosis and monitor the progression of lung cancer. Some key roles of blood tests include:
- Blood Biomarkers: Blood tests may look for substances (tumor markers) that are produced by lung cancer cells, such as CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) and CYFRA 21-1. These markers can provide additional information about the cancer’s behavior and may help track the effectiveness of treatment.
- Liquid Biopsy: This emerging technology analyzes blood samples for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or RNA from the tumor. Liquid biopsies can be used to detect mutations like EGFR or KRAS and help assess treatment resistance, especially in advanced stages.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test evaluates overall health and can detect anemia, infection, or other issues that might occur as a result of cancer or its treatment.
Additional Diagnostic Considerations
In some cases, doctors may use additional diagnostic techniques based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and findings from other tests:
- Sputum Cytology: An examination of mucus or phlegm coughed up from the lungs can sometimes reveal cancerous cells.
- Thoracoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure that allows doctors to look directly inside the chest cavity and collect tissue samples from the lung or surrounding areas.
The combination of these diagnostic methods allows doctors to accurately identify lung cancer, determine its type and stage, and tailor treatment to the individual patient based on molecular characteristics of the tumor.
Treatment of Lung Cancer
While a complete cure isn't always possible, advancements in treatment offer hope, making the question "is lung cancer curable?" a complex one depending on the stage and type of cancer. The treatment of lung cancer depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the presence of specific genetic mutations. The main treatment options for lung cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and immunotherapy. Additionally, alternative and palliative care options may be used to manage symptoms, especially in advanced stages. Understanding the lung cancer survival rate can be helpful, but it's important to remember that these statistics are averages and individual outcomes vary greatly.
Surgery
Surgery is often considered for early-stage lung cancer (particularly for non-small cell lung cancer) if the tumor is localized and has not spread to other parts of the body. The types of surgery include:
- Lobectomy: Removal of one of the lobes of the lung.
- Pneumonectomy: Removal of an entire lung.
- Segmentectomy or Wedge Resection: Removal of a small portion of the lung where the tumor is located.
Surgery is typically combined with other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation, depending on the stage of the cancer.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy, or when surgery is not an option due to the tumor's location or the patient's overall health. Radiation therapy may be used for:
- Locally advanced lung cancer (in combination with chemotherapy)
- Palliative care for symptom relief in cases of metastasis (e.g., to shrink tumors causing pain or obstruction)
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT): A highly focused form of radiation used for tumors that are small and located in areas where surgery is not possible.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. It is typically used for:
- Advanced stages of lung cancer (especially when surgery is not an option)
- Neoadjuvant therapy (before surgery) or adjuvant therapy (after surgery) to kill any remaining cancer cells
- Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is more responsive to chemotherapy
Common chemotherapy drugs for lung cancer include cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and docetaxel.
Targeted Drug Therapy
Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target molecular changes or mutations within cancer cells. These drugs are designed to block the growth of cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal cells. Targeted therapies are typically used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with specific genetic mutations. Key targeted therapies include:
- EGFR Inhibitors: Drugs like erlotinib, gefitinib, and osimertinib target mutations in the EGFR gene.
- ALK Inhibitors: Drugs such as crizotinib and alectinib target ALK gene rearrangements.
- KRAS Inhibitors: Targeting KRAS mutations, drugs like sotorasib are being developed for treatment.
- ROS1 Inhibitors: Targeting ROS1 gene rearrangements with drugs like crizotinib.
- BRAF Inhibitors: Used for tumors with BRAF mutations (e.g., dabrafenib).
- MET Inhibitors: Target the MET gene amplification or mutations with drugs like capmatinib.
These therapies can be highly effective in patients with specific genetic alterations and are often used in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. It is typically used for advanced-stage lung cancer and has shown promising results in improving survival rates for certain patients. Common immunotherapy drugs include:
- PD-1 inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, nivolumab): Block the PD-1 pathway, enabling the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
- PD-L1 inhibitors (e.g., atezolizumab): Target the PD-L1 protein on tumor cells to enhance immune responses.
- CTLA-4 inhibitors (e.g., ipilimumab): Help activate T-cells to fight cancer.
Immunotherapy can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, depending on the cancer’s characteristics.
Alternative Treatment Methods
Some patients with lung cancer may explore alternative or complementary treatments to help manage symptoms or support traditional medical treatments. One such method is Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA):
- Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to destroy cancer cells. RFA is typically used for patients who are not candidates for surgery or for tumors located in difficult-to-reach areas. It may be used for small tumors or for those that have metastasized to the lungs.
While not a curative treatment, RFA can help reduce tumor size and manage symptoms like pain or obstruction in some cases.
Palliative Care
Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients with advanced lung cancer, especially when the cancer is no longer curable. Palliative treatments aim to relieve symptoms and manage pain, breathing difficulties, and other issues caused by the cancer. Options include:
- Pain management: Pain relief through medications such as opioids or non-opioid analgesics.
- Oxygen therapy: Helps patients with difficulty breathing to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
- Pleural effusion management: Procedures like thoracentesis (draining excess fluid around the lungs) or pleurodesis (a procedure to prevent fluid buildup) can provide symptom relief.
- Radiation therapy for pain or obstruction: Used to shrink tumors that are causing discomfort or difficulty breathing.
- Nutritional support: Ensuring the patient maintains adequate nutrition during treatment and illness progression.
Palliative care may be provided alongside curative treatments or as the main focus when curative options are no longer effective.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is often used to treat lung cancer that has spread beyond the lungs or for small cell lung cancer.
Side effects of chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy can cause a number of side effects, including:
- Fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
- Hair loss
- Mouth sores
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Increased risk of infection
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Anemia
Targeted chemotherapy drugs:
Targeted chemotherapy drugs are a type of chemotherapy that targets specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells. These drugs can be more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy. Some examples of targeted chemotherapy drugs that may be used to treat lung cancer include:
- Bevacizumab (Avastin)
- Cetuximab (Erbitux)
- Erlotinib (Tarceva)
- Gefitinib (Iressa)
- Crizotinib (Xalkori)
- Ceritinib (Zykadia)
- Alectinib (Alecensa)
- Brigatinib (Alunbrig)
- Entrectinib (Rozlytrek)
- Larotrectinib (Vitrakvi)
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the body's immune system fight cancer cells. It can be used to treat some types of lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer.
Immunotherapy side effects:
Immunotherapy can cause a number of side effects, including:
- Fatigue
- Itchy rash
- Diarrhea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Joint pain
- Flu-like symptoms
- Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs)
- Colitis (inflammation of the colon)
- Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
- Thyroid problems
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.
Side effects of radiation therapy:
Radiation therapy can cause a number of side effects, including:
- Fatigue
- Skin irritation
- Hair loss in the treated area
- Sore throat
- Difficulty swallowing
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Loss of appetite
It is important to note that the information provided here is not a substitute for medical advice. If you have any questions or concerns about lung cancer treatment, please talk to your doctor.
Types of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is divided into two main types based on the appearance of the cells under a microscope: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). These types differ in terms of their growth patterns, spread, and treatment approaches.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
NSCLC accounts for about 80-85% of all lung cancers. It grows and spreads relatively slowly compared to SCLC. Several subtypes fall under NSCLC:
- Adenocarcinoma: The most common subtype, often found in the outer parts of the lungs. It's frequently seen in non-smokers, though smoking remains a risk factor. Subtypes of adenocarcinoma include:
- Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): A pre-invasive form.
- Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA): Small, limited spread.
- Invasive adenocarcinoma: Can spread to other parts of the body.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: Often linked to smoking, typically found in the central airways of the lungs.
- Adenosquamous carcinoma: A less common mixed type with features of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
- Large cell carcinoma: A fast-growing cancer that can occur anywhere in the lung. Includes subtypes like:
- Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A more aggressive subtype.
- Other NSCLC subtypes: These are less common and may include sarcomatoid carcinoma, unclassified NSCLC, and others.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SCLC makes up about 10-15% of lung cancers. It's strongly associated with smoking and is a fast-growing, aggressive cancer. SCLC is often classified as:
- Limited stage: Cancer is confined to one lung and nearby lymph nodes.
- Extensive stage: Cancer has spread beyond one lung, including to the other lung, lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or distant organs.
Metastatic Lung Cancer
Metastatic lung cancer means the cancer has spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. Common sites for lung cancer to metastasize include:
- Brain: Can cause neurological symptoms like headaches, seizures, weakness, or personality changes.
- Bones: Can lead to bone pain, fractures, and spinal cord compression.
- Liver: May cause abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and abnormal liver function tests.
- Adrenal glands: Often doesn't cause symptoms, but can sometimes affect hormone production.
Other possible sites of metastasis include the lymph nodes, pleura (lining of the lung), and other organs.
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
Understanding lung cancer risk factors, such as smoking and radon exposure, is crucial for prevention and early detection.
- Smoking: The leading cause of lung cancer. Both current and past smoking increase the risk.
- Secondhand smoke: Breathing in secondhand smoke also increases the risk.
- Radon: A radioactive gas that occurs naturally and can accumulate in buildings. It's the second leading cause of lung cancer.
- Asbestos: A group of minerals used in some industrial products. Exposure can significantly increase lung cancer risk, especially when combined with smoking.
- Air pollution: Exposure to certain pollutants in the air can increase the risk.
- Family history: Having a family history of lung cancer increases the risk.
- Other workplace exposures: Exposure to substances like arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and silica can also increase the risk.
Does Vaping Cause Lung Cancer?
The long-term effects are still being studied, but the question of "can vaping cause lung cancer?" is a serious one, and while likely less harmful than smoking, it is not considered risk-free. While more research is needed, the question of "does vaping cause lung cancer?" is a valid concern, and current evidence suggests that while likely less harmful than smoking, vaping is not risk-free and may still pose a risk. It exposes users to various chemicals, and some studies suggest potential links to lung damage and other health problems. More research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of vaping on lung cancer risk. It's best to avoid both smoking and vaping for optimal lung health.
Prevention and Screening
Lung cancer prevention primarily involves reducing risk factors such as quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, reducing exposure to environmental toxins like radon and asbestos, and minimizing air pollution exposure. For high-risk individuals, early detection through screening is crucial for improving outcomes. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual lung cancer screening with low-dose CT scans for adults aged 50 to 80 who have a 30-pack-year smoking history (the equivalent of smoking one pack per day for 30 years or two packs per day for 15 years) and who currently smoke or have quit within the last 15 years. Screening is generally not recommended for individuals who do not meet these criteria, as the potential harms outweigh the benefits in lower-risk groups. Following lung cancer screening guidelines can help identify the disease in its early stages, potentially improving treatment outcomes.
Our Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Approach
At Liv Hospital, we utilize a multidisciplinary tumor board approach for lung cancer treatment. This means that a team of specialists from different fields collaborates to develop the best treatment plan for each patient. Liv Hospital is among the best hospitals for lung cancer treatment in Türkiye, offering advanced technology and a multidisciplinary approach to care.
How the Tumor Council Works
The tumor council, also known as a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting, is a regular meeting where specialists gather to discuss complex cancer cases. The team typically includes:
- Thoracic Surgery: Specialists in lung surgery.
- Medical Oncologists: Doctors who treat cancer with medication, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
- Radiation Oncologists: Doctors who treat cancer with radiation therapy.
- Pulmonology: Doctors specializing in lung diseases.
- Pathologists: Doctors who diagnose diseases by examining tissue samples.
- Radiologists: Doctors who interpret medical images (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs).
- Other specialists: Depending on the case, other specialists like cardiologists, neurologists, or pain management specialists may be involved.
Case-Based Decision-Making
During the tumor board meeting, each patient's case is presented and discussed in detail. The team reviews the patient's medical history, imaging results, pathology reports, and other relevant information. Each specialist offers their expertise and insights. Together, the team considers all available treatment options, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
The goal is to reach a consensus on the most appropriate and personalized treatment plan for the individual patient, considering the specific type and stage of lung cancer, the patient's overall health, and their preferences. This collaborative approach ensures that patients receive comprehensive and well-coordinated care.
Why Choose Turkey for Lung Cancer Treatment?
Many international patients consider Türkiye for lung cancer treatment due to the often more affordable lung cancer treatment cost in Türkiye compared to other countries, while maintaining high-quality care. Patients seeking expert care often consult with Türkiye lung cancer specialists, who are experienced in diagnosing and treating this complex disease. Patients seeking cutting-edge care often explore the advanced lung cancer treatments in Türkiye, which include innovative therapies and clinical trials. Turkey has become an increasingly popular destination for medical tourism, including lung cancer treatment, for several reasons:
- Oncology Treatment Success and Patient Outcomes: Turkish hospitals, especially those like Liv Hospital, have achieved high success rates in cancer treatment, comparable to leading centers in other countries. Many Turkish oncologists have international training and experience. We are committed to providing personalized care and support to our patients to achieve the best possible outcomes.
- Advanced Medical Technology: Turkish hospitals have invested heavily in state-of-the-art medical technology, including advanced imaging systems, robotic surgery platforms, and cutting-edge radiation therapy equipment. Liv Hospital utilizes advanced technology in diagnosis and treatment, including AI-assisted tools.
- International Accreditations: Many hospitals in Turkey, including Liv Hospital, hold international accreditations, such as JCI (Joint Commission International), which demonstrate a commitment to high standards of quality and patient safety.
- Cost-Effective Advantages: Compared to many other countries, lung cancer treatment in Turkey can be more affordable, while maintaining high quality. This can be a significant factor for patients who are seeking cost-effective options.
Liv Hospital is dedicated to providing comprehensive and compassionate care to lung cancer patients. Our multidisciplinary team approach, combined with advanced technology and a patient-centered philosophy, allows us to offer the best possible treatment and support to our patients.
* Contents of this page is for informational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. The content of this page does not include information on medicinal health care at Liv Hospital .
